R.I.P. – Memorial Cards Collected by Josef Schwarzbach

Our collection holds over 1,000 memorial cards. These are small, individually designed slips of paper or cards, often including prayers, created to commemorate the deceased and distributed at funerals. The memorial cards preserved at the Volkskundemuseum Wien date mostly from the 19th and early 20th centuries. They speak of people, lives, death, beliefs, moral concepts, mourning, and remembrance. Taken together, they are valuable historical and socio-cultural sources; individually, they provide genealogical insights. The collection at the Volkskundemuseum can be traced back above all to one person: more than 900 examples were gathered by school principal and teacher Josef Schwarzbach (1853–1896). In 1898, they were inventoried as a generous donation.

‘The lights were like a sea – and the sea is invincible.’

It was with these impactful words that Friedrich ‘Fritz’ Verzetnitsch, then President of the Austrian Trade Union Federation (ÖGB), described one of the greatest civil society events in the history of the Second Austrian Republic: the ‘sea of lights’, which took place in Vienna on 23 January 1993.

Up to 300,000 people gathered on Heldenplatz square and in the adjacent streets in Vienna’s First District to send out a powerful signal against xenophobia, exclusion and an increasingly polarising migration policy using candles, torches and their silent presence.

Lights off, spotlight on: 1,000 glass slides and the first slide lectures of the Volkskundemuseum Wien

The first 1,000 slide numbers in the inventory of the Volkskundemuseum Wien (Austrian Museum of Folk Art and Folk Life) were primarily produced between 1900 and 1927 for (popular) scholarly slide lectures, often focusing on geographical and cultural aspects of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. As early as around 1900, many of these glass slides were used by museum staff in so-called "sciopticon lectures" (from Greek dia = through, skopein = to look). However, a systematic cataloguing and inventorying of the slides only began around 1915. The corresponding entries are usually limited to a brief description of the depicted subject. Additional information – such as details on production or use – is almost entirely lacking.

Only the clear thematic structure of the inventory book provides clues about the content of the lectures illustrated by these images. Lecturers with backgrounds in folklore studies – such as Michael Haberlandt (1860–1940), Arthur Haberlandt (1889–1964), Rudolf Trebitsch (1876–1918), Marianne Schmidl (1890–1945), and Konrad Mautner (1880–1924) – presented their slide shows primarily at the Wiener Urania, the University of Vienna, various associations, and at the Volkskundemuseum Wien itself. After the founding of the State Office for Adult Education (Volksbildungsamt) in 1919, the slides were increasingly used in educational courses for teachers.